{
 "about": "IPMA's hourly station observations in Madeira (rain in mm per hour, mean wind), kept across reads (the feed holds 24 hours), sorted by each station's largest rain over six consecutive hourly values. Facts.",
 "hour_label": {
  "convention": "not documented",
  "ipma_says": "IPMA's API documentation gives the key only as 'data/hora da observação' and precAcumulada as 'valor acumulado da hora (mm)'; it does not say whether a label is the hour starting or the hour ending at that time, nor the time zone.",
  "source": "https://api.ipma.pt/",
  "read_utc": "2026-11-11T01:55Z",
  "our_inference": {
   "label": "analysis",
   "reading": "hour ENDING at the label, in UTC",
   "why": [
    "the feed's newest key is the last full hour (e.g. 18:00 present at 18:58, 19:00 absent)",
    "DN Madeira's 133.9 mm 'in 6 h by 22:00' at Chão do Areeiro equals the sum of the values labelled 17:00 to 22:00 at station 1210973, which is the hour-ending reading",
    "hour ending is the usual synoptic convention"
   ]
  }
 },
 "source": "https://api.ipma.pt/open-data/observation/meteorology/stations/observations.json",
 "stations_source": "https://api.ipma.pt/open-data/observation/meteorology/stations/stations.json",
 "read_utc": "2026-11-11T11:26:40Z",
 "stations": [
  {
   "id": "1210973",
   "name": "Madeira, Areeiro",
   "lat_lon": [
    32.71666667,
    -16.91666667
   ],
   "source": "https://api.ipma.pt/open-data/observation/meteorology/stations/observations.json",
   "read_utc": "2026-11-11T11:26:40Z",
   "max_6h_rain": {
    "mm": 249.5,
    "hours_labelled": [
     "2026-11-11T01:00Z",
     "2026-11-11T06:00Z"
    ]
   },
   "hourly": [
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T02:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.6,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 42.8,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T03:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.8,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 44.6,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T04:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.1,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 42.8,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T05:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.5,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 43.6,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T06:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.4,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 37.8,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T07:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.4,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 38.5,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T08:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.8,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 38.2,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T09:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 1.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 37.4,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T10:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.6,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 33.5,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T11:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 1.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 46.4,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T12:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.9,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 36.7,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T13:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 1.1,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 39.2,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T14:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.3,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 34.2,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T15:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.2,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 31.0,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T16:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 2.5,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 41.4,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T17:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.8,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 42.5,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T18:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 4.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 47.2,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T19:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 7.1,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 35.3,
     "wind_dir": "SW"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T20:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 29.7,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 51.1,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T21:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 47.6,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 62.6,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T22:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 44.7,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 49.3,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T23:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 25.4,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 68.8,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T00:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 33.5,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 52.9,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T01:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 49.6,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 60.8,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T02:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 30.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 93.2,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T03:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 48.9,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 75.2,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T04:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 33.7,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 75.6,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T05:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 29.3,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 62.6,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T06:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 58.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 52.6,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T07:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 44.3,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 57.6,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T08:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 8.9,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 31.7,
     "wind_dir": "NW"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T09:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.6,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 27.7,
     "wind_dir": "N"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T10:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 15.8,
     "wind_dir": "N"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "1210967",
   "name": "Madeira, São Vicente",
   "lat_lon": [
    32.8001833,
    -17.044722
   ],
   "source": "https://api.ipma.pt/open-data/observation/meteorology/stations/observations.json",
   "read_utc": "2026-11-11T11:26:40Z",
   "max_6h_rain": {
    "mm": 141.5,
    "hours_labelled": [
     "2026-11-10T22:00Z",
     "2026-11-11T03:00Z"
    ]
   },
   "hourly": [
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T02:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T03:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T04:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T05:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T06:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T07:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T08:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T09:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T10:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T11:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T12:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T13:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T14:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T15:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T16:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T17:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 3.3,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T18:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 1.3,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T19:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 1.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T20:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 8.6,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T21:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 20.3,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T22:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 22.7,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T23:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 23.3,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T00:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 14.1,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T01:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 27.6,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T02:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 29.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T03:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 24.8,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T04:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 14.8,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T05:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 14.2,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T06:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 19.2,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T07:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 17.1,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T08:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 4.7,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T09:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 6.1,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T10:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 4.4,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "1210975",
   "name": "Madeira, Santo da Serra",
   "lat_lon": [
    32.7258972,
    -16.816822
   ],
   "source": "https://api.ipma.pt/open-data/observation/meteorology/stations/observations.json",
   "read_utc": "2026-11-11T11:26:40Z",
   "max_6h_rain": {
    "mm": 130.4,
    "hours_labelled": [
     "2026-11-10T21:00Z",
     "2026-11-11T02:00Z"
    ]
   },
   "hourly": [
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T02:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T03:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T04:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T05:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T06:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T07:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T08:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T09:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T10:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T11:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T12:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T13:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.1,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T14:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T15:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T16:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 1.4,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T17:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.6,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T18:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 1.4,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T19:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 2.1,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T20:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 14.8,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T21:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 25.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T22:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 26.3,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T23:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 14.9,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T00:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 18.4,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T01:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 25.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T02:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 20.8,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T03:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 19.8,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T04:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 12.4,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T05:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 12.5,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T06:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 29.5,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T07:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 28.5,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T08:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 2.5,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T09:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.7,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T10:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.5,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "1210972",
   "name": "Madeira, Pico Alto",
   "lat_lon": [
    32.693491,
    -16.903955
   ],
   "source": "https://api.ipma.pt/open-data/observation/meteorology/stations/observations.json",
   "read_utc": "2026-11-11T11:26:40Z",
   "max_6h_rain": {
    "mm": 126.8,
    "hours_labelled": [
     "2026-11-11T03:00Z",
     "2026-11-11T08:00Z"
    ]
   },
   "hourly": [
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T02:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.5,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 19.8,
     "wind_dir": "SW"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T03:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.6,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 20.5,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T04:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 22.0,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T05:00Z",
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     "rain_mm": 0.1,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 9.7,
     "wind_dir": "NE"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T08:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 14.0,
     "wind_dir": "N"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T09:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 14.4,
     "wind_dir": "N"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T10:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 9.0,
     "wind_dir": "NE"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T11:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 7.2,
     "wind_dir": "E"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T12:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 12.6,
     "wind_dir": "NE"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T13:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 13.3,
     "wind_dir": "N"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T14:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 7.9,
     "wind_dir": "N"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T15:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 5.0,
     "wind_dir": "E"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T16:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 9.0,
     "wind_dir": "SW"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T17:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 18.4,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T18:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 13.3,
     "wind_dir": "SW"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T19:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 2.1,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 12.6,
     "wind_dir": "SW"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T20:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 6.1,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 19.8,
     "wind_dir": "SW"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T21:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 4.8,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 25.2,
     "wind_dir": "SW"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T22:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 6.2,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 29.2,
     "wind_dir": "S"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T23:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 6.3,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 43.9,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T00:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 2.4,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 37.8,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T01:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 3.4,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 41.4,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T02:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 1.7,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 39.2,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T03:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 1.9,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 34.2,
     "wind_dir": "SW"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T04:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 1.5,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 35.3,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T05:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 2.2,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 33.5,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T06:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 13.7,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 20.5,
     "wind_dir": "NW"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T07:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 3.8,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 29.9,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T08:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 1.6,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 6.5,
     "wind_dir": "NE"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T09:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 13.3,
     "wind_dir": "E"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T10:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 4.7,
     "wind_dir": "SW"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "1240971",
   "name": "Madeira, Funchal, Lido",
   "lat_lon": [
    32.63655,
    -16.935592
   ],
   "source": "https://api.ipma.pt/open-data/observation/meteorology/stations/observations.json",
   "read_utc": "2026-11-11T11:26:40Z",
   "max_6h_rain": {
    "mm": 19.1,
    "hours_labelled": [
     "2026-11-10T19:00Z",
     "2026-11-11T00:00Z"
    ]
   },
   "hourly": [
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T02:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T03:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.1,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T04:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.3,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T05:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.4,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T06:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.1,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T07:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.2,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T08:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T09:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T10:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T11:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T12:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T13:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.2,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T14:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.2,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T15:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T16:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T17:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T18:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T19:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 1.5,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T20:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 4.6,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T21:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 2.7,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T22:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 6.7,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T23:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 2.5,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T00:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 1.1,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T01:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 1.5,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T02:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 1.6,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T03:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 1.7,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T04:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.6,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T05:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 1.2,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T06:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 9.3,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T07:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 2.8,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T08:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 1.3,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T09:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T10:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": null,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "1200524",
   "name": "Porto Santo",
   "lat_lon": [
    33.074029,
    -16.34868
   ],
   "source": "https://api.ipma.pt/open-data/observation/meteorology/stations/observations.json",
   "read_utc": "2026-11-11T11:26:40Z",
   "max_6h_rain": {
    "mm": 15.4,
    "hours_labelled": [
     "2026-11-10T20:00Z",
     "2026-11-11T01:00Z"
    ]
   },
   "hourly": [
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T02:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 0.0,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T03:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 2.5,
     "wind_dir": "NW"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T04:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 0.0,
     "wind_dir": "calm"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T05:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 2.2,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T06:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 2.2,
     "wind_dir": "NW"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T07:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 1.4,
     "wind_dir": "E"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T08:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 1.1,
     "wind_dir": "NW"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T09:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 1.1,
     "wind_dir": "N"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T10:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 10.1,
     "wind_dir": "SE"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T11:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 2.5,
     "wind_dir": "NE"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T12:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 15.5,
     "wind_dir": "S"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T13:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 23.8,
     "wind_dir": "SW"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T14:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 10.1,
     "wind_dir": "W"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T15:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 11.5,
     "wind_dir": "S"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T16:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 15.5,
     "wind_dir": "SE"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T17:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 28.1,
     "wind_dir": "S"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T18:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.2,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 27.0,
     "wind_dir": "S"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T19:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.1,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 25.2,
     "wind_dir": "S"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T20:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 2.4,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 24.8,
     "wind_dir": "S"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T21:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 2.6,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 36.7,
     "wind_dir": "S"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T22:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 4.7,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 34.9,
     "wind_dir": "S"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-10T23:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.4,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 37.1,
     "wind_dir": "S"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T00:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 4.4,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 43.2,
     "wind_dir": "S"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T01:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.9,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 44.3,
     "wind_dir": "S"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T02:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.2,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 52.9,
     "wind_dir": "S"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T03:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 2.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 55.1,
     "wind_dir": "S"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T04:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 1.1,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 50.4,
     "wind_dir": "S"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T05:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.1,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 37.1,
     "wind_dir": "S"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T06:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 40.7,
     "wind_dir": "S"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T07:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 3.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 24.8,
     "wind_dir": "S"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T08:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.1,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 37.1,
     "wind_dir": "NW"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T09:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 34.9,
     "wind_dir": "NW"
    },
    {
     "time_utc": "2026-11-11T10:00Z",
     "rain_mm": 0.0,
     "wind_mean_kmh": 39.6,
     "wind_dir": "NW"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "earlier_warnings": {
  "question": "What rain warning covered Madeira's mountain areas (MRM) and south coast (MCS) on Tuesday 10 Nov, 12:00 to 21:00 UTC?",
  "answer": "No rain warning for MRM or MCS covering Tue 12:00-21:00 was found, in either the CAP snapshot or the press. This is not proof that none was ever issued: the CAP feed drops superseded messages, and the 9 Nov 14:05:35 messages that the red rain replaced are not in it.",
  "items": [
   {
    "kind": "primary",
    "what": "MeteoAlarm CAP feed snapshot read 2026-11-10T23:50Z (saved by this desk at the time, before cap.json kept Madeira). Every Madeira rain message in it, MRM and MCS:",
    "messages": [
     {
      "areas": [
       "Madeira - Regiões Montanhosas",
       "Madeira - Costa Sul"
      ],
      "event_pt": "Aviso Vermelho Precipitação",
      "onset_utc": "2026-11-10T21:00Z",
      "expires_utc": "2026-11-11T06:00Z",
      "sent_utc": "2026-11-10T06:14:54Z",
      "msg_type": "Update",
      "replaces_sent_utc": "2026-11-09T14:05:35Z",
      "replaces_level": "not in the feed (superseded)"
     },
     {
      "areas": [
       "Madeira - Regiões Montanhosas",
       "Madeira - Costa Sul"
      ],
      "event_pt": "Aviso Laranja Precipitação",
      "onset_utc": "2026-11-11T06:00Z",
      "expires_utc": "2026-11-11T09:00Z",
      "sent_utc": "2026-11-10T06:14:54Z",
      "msg_type": "Alert"
     }
    ],
    "finding": "No MRM or MCS rain message has a window touching Tue 10 Nov 12:00-21:00. The feed still held expired messages (e.g. yellow rain 7 Nov 09:00-18:00, sent 6 Nov 07:14:43), so a non-superseded afternoon warning would probably have shown.",
    "source": "https://feeds.meteoalarm.org/api/v1/warnings/feeds-portugal",
    "read_utc": "2026-11-10T23:50Z"
   },
   {
    "kind": "press",
    "what": "DN Madeira (dnoticias.pt), dated 8 Nov 2026 (time not given): 'IPMA emite novos avisos de mau tempo para terça e quarta-feira'. Yellow rain for Madeira and Porto Santo 'a partir das 21 horas de terça-feira', 'até ao meio-dia' Wednesday; yellow wind 21:00 Tue to 10:00 Wed (mountains to 95 km/h).",
    "finding": "As of 8 Nov, the warning began at 21:00 Tuesday; nothing for Tuesday afternoon.",
    "source": "https://www.dnoticias.pt/2026/11/8/512117-ipma-emite-novos-avisos-de-mau-tempo-para-terca-e-quarta-feira/",
    "read_utc": "2026-11-11T02:00Z",
    "note": "read through a fetch tool summary; evidence only"
   },
   {
    "kind": "primary",
    "what": "IPMA warnings open data (warnings_www.json)",
    "finding": "not found: it holds only current and future warnings, no past entries",
    "source": "https://api.ipma.pt/open-data/forecast/warnings/warnings_www.json",
    "read_utc": "2026-11-11T01:58Z"
   },
   {
    "kind": "primary",
    "what": "MeteoAlarm archive",
    "finding": "not found: no public archive endpoint found; the feed is current plus retained unsuperseded messages",
    "source": "https://www.meteoalarm.org",
    "read_utc": "2026-11-11T02:00Z"
   }
  ],
  "lead_time_note": "The red rain (21:00 Tue-06:00 Wed) was sent at 06:14:54 Tue, about 15 h ahead. The rain that fell in the hours labelled 20:00 and 21:00 (93.3 mm at Areeiro, read as hour ending) fell outside any window in the messages we hold.",
  "card_wording": "outside any window in the messages we hold (not 'unwarned')"
 },
 "station_warning_areas": {
  "mapping": "not published",
  "detail": "IPMA's open data gives stations (stations.json: id, name, coordinates) and warning areas (distrits-islands.json: idAreaAviso per place), but no table assigning a station to a warning area. Madeira's areas (MCN north coast, MCS south coast, MRM mountain areas, MPS Porto Santo) are not given as boundaries either.",
  "sources": [
   "https://api.ipma.pt/open-data/observation/meteorology/stations/stations.json",
   "https://api.ipma.pt/open-data/distrits-islands.json"
  ],
  "read_utc": "2026-11-11T02:35Z"
 },
 "observed_gusts": {
  "ipma_station_feeds": "no gusts: observations.json and obs-surface.geojson report mean wind only (intensidadeVentoKM, intensidadeVento), per IPMA's API page",
  "where_gusts_are": "airport METARs (IPMA as the aeronautical met office), read through NOAA's Aviation Weather API: Lisbon LPPT (airport.json) and Madeira LPMA (e.g. 'METAR LPMA 110100Z 20032G42KT 6000 RA BKN012 FEW018CB 22/21 Q1001': 32 kt gusting 42, read 02:31 UTC)",
  "sources": [
   "https://api.ipma.pt/",
   "https://aviationweather.gov/api/data/metar?ids=LPMA&hours=12&format=raw"
  ],
  "read_utc": "2026-11-11T02:35Z"
 },
 "next_read_utc": "2026-11-11T12:22Z"
}