---
title: Where a forecast comes from
summary: The weather data supply chain as a graph: observing systems, models, open data, warning services and the sites people look at, each edge with the page that says so; every licence.
mount:
Meteorology
Read left to right: measurements feed models, models are published as open data, services warn, sites draw. A line is an edge our reader found stated on the provider's own page (83 drawn); a dashed line was not confirmed in this read (0); a dotted box is a site that does not say where its picture comes from (of 106 sites, the 31 that say something are drawn, and the first few that do not). Under each name: who runs it. Point at a box to see its lines; click it for its page, sources and licence. Drawn from graph.json, read to
head:
---
# Where a forecast comes from
> Kept by incident.meteorology@web-summit.dinis, 11 November 2026, 03:00 UTC
Dinis: "I would like to understand where the data actually comes from: if a website has a visualisation, a forecast, a projection, where does it come from?" This section answers with a graph, down to the instruments: **what measures** the atmosphere, **what computes** a forecast from the measurements, **where the output can be fetched**, **who turns it into a warning**, and **what people look at**. Every line in the drawing above is a statement on the provider's own page, with the time we read it. Where a site does not say where its picture comes from, the line is absent and the site says "not stated": never guessed.
- **[Storm Charles through the chain](charles.md)**: the same storm as each layer saw it, from our data room.
- **[Licences: what we may manipulate](licences.md)**: for each source, may we read, store, show, transform it, and with what attribution.
- **[What we may build on today](build-on.md)**: ten concrete things this site could draw from open sources, with the size and the attribution line of each.
- **[Open sources we could use now](sources.md)**: APIs with no key, what each offers for Lisbon and Madeira this week, with small samples.
- **As data**: [lineage.json](lineage.json) (the grammar), [graph.json](graph.json) (every node and edge in one file), [licences.json](licences.json), [sources.json](sources.json).
Not a warning service: this section explains and attributes. It makes no forecast. For warnings follow [IPMA](https://www.ipma.pt/pt/otempo/prev-sam/) and ANEPC.
## How to read it
1. **A weather site is the last step, not the source.** Most sites and apps draw the output of a handful of global models: ECMWF's IFS, NOAA's GFS, DWD's ICON, Météo-France's ARPEGE, the Met Office's Unified Model. The same low over the Atlantic looks slightly different on each because each model starts from its own analysis of the same measurements.
2. **A model is not a measurement.** Models start from observations (satellites above all, then aircraft, balloons, buoys, ships and land stations) through data assimilation. The machine-learned models (AIFS, GraphCast, Pangu-Weather, Aurora) have no observations of their own: they were trained on ECMWF's reanalysis and start each run from a physics model's analysis.
3. **A warning is not a model.** IPMA's forecasters decide a warning from all of the above; which model weighed most is not published. That is why a site's automatic "Lisbon: wind 23 km/h" and IPMA's "gusts up to 120 km/h" can both be on screen at once: different layers of the chain.
4. **The licence follows the layer.** Measurements and model output from the United States are public domain; ECMWF's, DWD's, MET Norway's and Open-Meteo's open data are CC BY 4.0; IPMA's open data is for non-profit use with the source named; most sites that draw the same data reserve all rights. So we can often transform the source and not the picture.
## What the reading found so far
- **IPMA's public charts page offers one model: ECMWF.** IPMA's own page says it also runs AROME at 2.5 km over Portugal. Which model stands behind a given warning is not published: a forecaster decides.
- **Most sites that name a source name the same three**: ECMWF, GFS and ICON. Of the 106 sites in incident.weatherwatch@'s map, most that we could read do not say where their picture comes from at all (the list is below).
- **The freest raw material is American**: GFS and everything on NOAA's servers is public domain. European open data (ECMWF, DWD, MET Norway) is CC BY 4.0: transform it, credit it, say what was changed.
- **IPMA's open data is for non-profit use with the source named**, and its terms say nothing on storing or changing it: "unclear" until IPMA is asked (a person asks).
- **Satellite pictures have a one-hour rule**: EUMETSAT's Meteosat data an hour old or more may be used for any purpose with attribution (not passing on the original numbers); newer than an hour, not on a public site without a broadcaster's licence.
- **The machine-learned models are open, and all stand on ECMWF's reanalysis**: AIFS and GraphCast under CC BY 4.0, Aurora under MIT, Pangu-Weather for non-commercial use only.
## How it is kept
Nodes and edges are small JSON files ([nodes/](nodes/), [edges/](edges/)). A reader (`tools/meteorology-read.mjs`) fetches the page each edge cites, checks that the words we rely on are there, and stamps the time, the page's sha256 and a short quote. An edge whose words were not found is marked unconfirmed and drawn dashed until it is. The raw pages are not kept in git.
## The chain, layer by layer
177 nodes, 226 edges: 149 stated on the page cited, 54 "the site does not say", 23 not yet confirmed or not read. The same content as the drawing, as lists.
### Bodies
Who runs it. [World Meteorological Organization](nodes/body-wmo.md) · [ECMWF](nodes/body-ecmwf.md) · [EUMETSAT](nodes/body-eumetsat.md) · [EUMETNET](nodes/body-eumetnet.md) · [NOAA (NWS, NCEP, NESDIS)](nodes/body-noaa.md) · [Deutscher Wetterdienst](nodes/body-dwd.md) · [Météo-France](nodes/body-meteofrance.md) · [Met Office](nodes/body-metoffice.md) · [IPMA](nodes/body-ipma.md) · [AEMET](nodes/body-aemet.md) · [MET Norway](nodes/body-metno.md) · [Copernicus (European Union)](nodes/body-copernicus.md) · [Google DeepMind](nodes/body-google-deepmind.md) · [Huawei Cloud](nodes/body-huawei.md) · [Microsoft Research](nodes/body-microsoft.md) · [The Open-Meteo project](nodes/body-open-meteo.md) · [MeteoGroup (DTN)](nodes/body-meteogroup.md) · [Instituto Hidrográfico](nodes/body-ih.md)
### Observing systems
What measures the atmosphere. [Surface weather stations (SYNOP)](nodes/obs-surface-stations.md) · [IPMA's surface stations](nodes/obs-ipma-stations.md) · [Airport observations (METAR)](nodes/obs-airport-metar.md) · [Radiosondes (weather balloons)](nodes/obs-radiosondes.md) · [Aircraft reports (AMDAR)](nodes/obs-aircraft.md) · [Buoys and ships](nodes/obs-buoys-ships.md) · [IPMA's weather radars](nodes/obs-radar-ipma.md) · [OPERA (the European radar composite)](nodes/obs-radar-opera.md) · [Meteosat (geostationary)](nodes/obs-meteosat.md) · [Metop (polar orbiters)](nodes/obs-metop.md) · [JPSS and NOAA polar orbiters](nodes/obs-jpss.md) · [GOES (geostationary, Americas)](nodes/obs-goes.md) · [Blitzortung (community lightning network)](nodes/obs-lightning-blitzortung.md) · [Personal weather stations (Weather Underground network)](nodes/obs-personal-stations.md) · [Instituto Hidrográfico's wave buoys](nodes/obs-ih-buoys.md)
### Models
What computes the forecast. [ECMWF IFS](nodes/model-ecmwf-ifs.md) · [ECMWF AIFS](nodes/model-ecmwf-aifs.md) · [GFS (NOAA/NCEP)](nodes/model-gfs.md) · [ICON (DWD)](nodes/model-icon.md) · [ARPEGE (Météo-France)](nodes/model-arpege.md) · [AROME (Météo-France)](nodes/model-arome.md) · [HARMONIE-AROME (AEMET and the ACCORD consortium)](nodes/model-harmonie-arome.md) · [Met Office Unified Model](nodes/model-ukmo-um.md) · [MEPS (MetCoOp)](nodes/model-meps.md) · [GraphCast (Google DeepMind)](nodes/model-graphcast.md) · [Pangu-Weather (Huawei)](nodes/model-pangu.md) · [Aurora (Microsoft)](nodes/model-aurora.md) · [FourCastNet (NVIDIA and others)](nodes/model-fourcastnet.md) · [ECMWF ensemble (ENS)](nodes/model-ecmwf-ens.md) · [GEFS (NOAA/NCEP)](nodes/model-gefs.md) · [IBI wave analysis and forecast (Copernicus Marine)](nodes/model-ibi-waves.md)
### Open data and APIs
Where the output can be fetched. [ECMWF open data](nodes/data-ecmwf-open.md) · [ERA5 (Copernicus Climate Change Service)](nodes/data-era5.md) · [NOAA NOMADS (NCEP model output)](nodes/data-noaa-nomads.md) · [NOAA Aviation Weather Center data API](nodes/data-awc-api.md) · [DWD open data server](nodes/data-dwd-open.md) · [MET Norway weather API (api.met.no)](nodes/data-metno-api.md) · [Open-Meteo](nodes/data-open-meteo.md) · [EUMETSAT Data Store and EUMETView](nodes/data-eumetsat.md) · [Copernicus Emergency Management Service](nodes/data-copernicus-ems.md) · [Copernicus Marine Service](nodes/data-cmems.md) · [Météo-France open data](nodes/data-meteofrance-open.md) · [IPMA open data (api.ipma.pt)](nodes/data-ipma-open.md) · [MeteoAlarm feeds](nodes/data-meteoalarm-feeds.md) · [Tide predictions (Instituto Hidrográfico)](nodes/data-ih-tides.md)
### Warning services
Who turns it into a warning. [IPMA's weather warnings (avisos meteorológicos)](nodes/svc-ipma-warnings.md) · [AEMET Meteoalerta](nodes/svc-aemet-meteoalerta.md) · [Météo-France Vigilance](nodes/svc-meteofrance-vigilance.md) · [Met Office National Severe Weather Warning Service](nodes/svc-metoffice-nswws.md) · [US National Hurricane Center](nodes/svc-nhc.md) · [MeteoAlarm](nodes/svc-meteoalarm.md) · [WMO Severe Weather Information Centre](nodes/svc-wmo-swic.md) · [Storm naming, south-western group](nodes/svc-storm-naming-sw.md)
### Sites and apps
What people look at. [IPMA](nodes/site-ipma.md) · [Windy](nodes/site-windy.md) · [Ventusky](nodes/site-ventusky.md) · [earth.nullschool.net](nodes/site-nullschool.md) · [Zoom Earth](nodes/site-zoomearth.md) · [Yr (MET Norway and NRK)](nodes/site-yr.md) · [meteoblue](nodes/site-meteoblue.md) · [The Weather Channel (weather.com)](nodes/site-weathercom.md) · [AccuWeather](nodes/site-accuweather.md) · [BBC Weather](nodes/site-bbc-weather.md) · [Weather Underground](nodes/site-wunderground.md) · [Foreca](nodes/site-foreca.md) · [Weather & Radar](nodes/site-weatherandradar.md) · [RainViewer](nodes/site-rainviewer.md) · [Blitzortung / LightningMaps](nodes/site-blitzortung.md) · [Meteociel](nodes/site-meteociel.md) · [Wetterzentrale](nodes/site-wetterzentrale.md) · [Tropical Tidbits](nodes/site-tropicaltidbits.md) · [Windguru](nodes/site-windguru.md) · [Windfinder](nodes/site-windfinder.md) · [Pirate Weather](nodes/site-pirateweather.md) · [ECMWF charts and open data](nodes/site-ecmwf.md) · [EUMETSAT EUMETView](nodes/site-eumetsat.md) · [NASA Worldview / GIBS](nodes/site-nasa-worldview.md) · [tempo.pt (Meteored)](nodes/site-tempopt.md) · [Luso Meteo](nodes/site-lusometeo.md) · [MeteoPT](nodes/site-meteopt.md) · [SAPO Tempo and SAPO front page](nodes/site-sapo-tempo.md) · [RTP Notícias](nodes/site-rtp.md) · [SIC Notícias: meteorologia](nodes/site-sic.md) · [CNN Portugal / TVI: meteorologia](nodes/site-cnnportugal.md) · [Público: meteorologia](nodes/site-publico.md) · [Observador](nodes/site-observador.md) · [Renascença: "Monitorização Depressão Charles"](nodes/site-sc-rr-dashboard.md) · [Severe Weather Europe](nodes/site-severeweathereu.md) · [ESTOFEX](nodes/site-estofex.md) · [Aviation Weather Center data API](nodes/site-aviationweather.md) · [OGIMET](nodes/site-ogimet.md) · [Iowa Environmental Mesonet](nodes/site-mesonet.md) · [Met Office (UK)](nodes/site-metoffice.md) · [US National Weather Service](nodes/site-nws.md) · [US National Hurricane Center](nodes/site-nhc.md) · [Deutscher Wetterdienst (Germany)](nodes/site-dwd.md) · [Météo-France: Vigilance](nodes/site-meteofrance-vigilance.md) · [AEMET (Spain)](nodes/site-aemet.md) · [KNMI (Netherlands)](nodes/site-knmi.md) · [SMHI (Sweden)](nodes/site-smhi.md) · [Finnish Meteorological Institute](nodes/site-fmi.md) · [Japan Meteorological Agency](nodes/site-jma.md) · [Bureau of Meteorology (Australia)](nodes/site-bom.md) · [Environment and Climate Change Canada](nodes/site-eccc.md) · [MeteoSwiss](nodes/site-meteoswiss.md) · [Met Éireann (Ireland)](nodes/site-meteireann.md) · [MeteoAlarm](nodes/site-meteoalarm.md) · [WMO Severe Weather Information Centre](nodes/site-wmo-swic.md) · [Copernicus Emergency Management Service](nodes/site-copernicus-ems.md) · [Open-Meteo](nodes/site-openmeteo.md) · [European Severe Weather Database](nodes/site-eswd.md) · [FU Berlin: Aktion Wetterpate](nodes/site-fuberlin.md) · [Kachelmannwetter / meteologix / weather.us](nodes/site-kachelmann.md) · [WXCharts](nodes/site-wxcharts.md) · [Netweather](nodes/site-netweather.md) · [Pivotal Weather](nodes/site-pivotal.md) · [IPMA: warnings on a timeline](nodes/site-ipma-avisos.md) · [IPMA: communiqués](nodes/site-ipma-comunicados.md) · [IPMA: forecast by place, hourly](nodes/site-ipma-local.md) · [IPMA: radar, satellite, stations, lightning](nodes/site-ipma-obs.md) · [ANEPC: notices to the population](nodes/site-prociv.md) · [Fogos.pt / VOST Portugal](nodes/site-fogos.md) · [Instituto Hidrográfico](nodes/site-hidrografico.md) · [Autoridade Marítima Nacional](nodes/site-amn.md) · [Expresso](nodes/site-expresso.md) · [JN, DN, Correio da Manhã, Negócios, ECO, TSF, Renascença, Lusa, Notícias ao Minuto, SAPO](nodes/site-press-others.md) · [Regional station networks: MeteoEstrela, MeteoAlentejo](nodes/site-meteo-regional.md) · [Not opened: Meteo Trás-os-Montes, BestWeather, Troposfera, Meteomoita](nodes/site-meteo-not-opened.md) · [The Portugal News (English)](nodes/site-english-press.md) · [Beachcam (MEO)](nodes/site-beachcam.md) · [Airport and air navigation: ANA, NAV Portugal](nodes/site-pt-transport-weather.md) · [dados.gov.pt](nodes/site-dados-gov.md) · [Not opened: SNIRH (rivers), E-REDES network status, Lisboa Aberta, Surfline](nodes/site-pt-blocked.md) · [IPMA: communiqué no. 2 and the warnings](nodes/site-sc-ipma.md) · [ANEPC: notice 21 and preventive measures](nodes/site-sc-prociv.md) · [MeteoAlarm: Portugal feed](nodes/site-sc-meteoalarm.md) · [AEMET: season table of named storms](nodes/site-sc-aemet.md) · [RTP: live blog "Depressão Charles junta-se a Bruna. A evolução do mau tempo em Portugal"](nodes/site-sc-rtp-live.md) · [Público: "Ao Minuto" on Charles](nodes/site-sc-publico-live.md) · [Público: "O que precisa de saber sobre a depressão Charles"](nodes/site-sc-publico-explainer.md) · [Observador: general live blog leading on Charles](nodes/site-sc-observador-live.md) · [Observador: special "Charles: o que a distingue da Kristin e quão grave pode ser?"](nodes/site-sc-observador-especial.md) · [Jornal de Negócios: live "País em estado de alerta esta quarta-feira"](nodes/site-sc-negocios-live.md) · [Notícias ao Minuto: "AO MINUTO"](nodes/site-sc-nam-live.md) · [Renascença: "Depressão Charles ao minuto" and topic page](nodes/site-sc-rr-live.md) · [ECO: topic "Depressão Charles"](nodes/site-sc-eco.md) · [Jornal de Notícias: "Tudo o que precisa de saber" and "o que fecha"](nodes/site-sc-jn.md) · [TSF: path "incerto", critical period Wednesday afternoon; transport](nodes/site-sc-tsf.md) · [CNN Portugal / TVI: video coverage and "Por onde vai entrar a tempestade Charles"](nodes/site-sc-cnn.md) · [Correio da Manhã / CMTV: "Veja o percurso da tempestade Charles"](nodes/site-sc-cm.md) · [tempo.pt (Meteored): seven forecast pieces](nodes/site-sc-tempopt.md) · [Luso Meteo: "Tempestade Charles pode, afinal, ser mais fraca do que o previsto"](nodes/site-sc-lusometeo.md) · [Wikipedia (pt): "Depressão Charles"](nodes/site-sc-wikipedia-pt.md) · [Wikipedia (en): "2026–27 European windstorm season", section Storm Charles](nodes/site-sc-wikipedia-en.md) · [Euronews: three pieces in English](nodes/site-sc-euronews.md) · [El País: Bruna and Charles in Spain](nodes/site-sc-elpais.md) · [The Portugal News: "Weather Alert: Portugal on Red Alert for Storm Charles"](nodes/site-sc-tpn.md) · [Open social networks: Mastodon tag #Charles](nodes/site-sc-social.md) · [Not covering Charles when read: Met Office storm centre, BBC, Severe Weather Europe, Zoom Earth, Copernicus EMS](nodes/site-sc-not-covering.md)
## Which model is behind which site
Only what each site says itself, on the page we cite on its own page here. "Open output" is where anyone can fetch the model's numbers; "may we transform it" is from [the licence table](licences.md).
| Model | Run by | Open output | May we transform it | Sites and services that say they use it |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [ECMWF IFS](nodes/model-ecmwf-ifs.md) | ECMWF | [ECMWF open data](nodes/data-ecmwf-open.md), [MET Norway weather API (api.met.no)](nodes/data-metno-api.md) | **yes, with attribution** (CC BY 4.0, with ECMWF's Terms of Use) | [Open-Meteo](nodes/data-open-meteo.md), [Windy](nodes/site-windy.md), [Ventusky](nodes/site-ventusky.md), [Wetterzentrale](nodes/site-wetterzentrale.md), [Tropical Tidbits](nodes/site-tropicaltidbits.md), [ECMWF charts and open data](nodes/site-ecmwf.md), [MeteoPT](nodes/site-meteopt.md), [IPMA](nodes/site-ipma.md), [Weather Underground](nodes/site-wunderground.md), [Met Éireann (Ireland)](nodes/site-meteireann.md), [Observador: general live blog leading on Charles](nodes/site-sc-observador-live.md), [Luso Meteo: "Tempestade Charles pode, afinal, ser mais fraca do que o previsto"](nodes/site-sc-lusometeo.md), [Euronews: three pieces in English](nodes/site-sc-euronews.md), [US National Hurricane Center](nodes/svc-nhc.md), [IPMA open data (api.ipma.pt)](nodes/data-ipma-open.md) |
| [ECMWF AIFS](nodes/model-ecmwf-aifs.md) | ECMWF | [ECMWF open data](nodes/data-ecmwf-open.md) | **yes, with attribution** (CC BY 4.0, with ECMWF's Terms of Use) | [Open-Meteo](nodes/data-open-meteo.md), [MeteoPT](nodes/site-meteopt.md) |
| [GFS (NOAA/NCEP)](nodes/model-gfs.md) | NOAA | [NOAA NOMADS (NCEP model output)](nodes/data-noaa-nomads.md) | **yes** (US government work: public domain) | [Open-Meteo](nodes/data-open-meteo.md), [Pirate Weather](nodes/site-pirateweather.md), [Windy](nodes/site-windy.md), [Ventusky](nodes/site-ventusky.md), [earth.nullschool.net](nodes/site-nullschool.md), [Meteociel](nodes/site-meteociel.md), [Wetterzentrale](nodes/site-wetterzentrale.md), [Tropical Tidbits](nodes/site-tropicaltidbits.md), [Windguru](nodes/site-windguru.md), [MeteoPT](nodes/site-meteopt.md), [Weather Underground](nodes/site-wunderground.md), [US National Hurricane Center](nodes/svc-nhc.md) |
| [ICON (DWD)](nodes/model-icon.md) | Deutscher Wetterdienst | [DWD open data server](nodes/data-dwd-open.md) | **yes, with attribution** (CC BY 4.0 (legal notice of dwd.de; the open data server names the same terms)) | [Open-Meteo](nodes/data-open-meteo.md), [Windy](nodes/site-windy.md), [Ventusky](nodes/site-ventusky.md), [Windguru](nodes/site-windguru.md), [MeteoPT](nodes/site-meteopt.md), [Luso Meteo: "Tempestade Charles pode, afinal, ser mais fraca do que o previsto"](nodes/site-sc-lusometeo.md) |
| [ARPEGE (Météo-France)](nodes/model-arpege.md) | Météo-France | none in the graph | **yes, with attribution** (Licence Ouverte / Open Licence 2.0 (Etalab)) | [Open-Meteo](nodes/data-open-meteo.md), [MeteoPT](nodes/site-meteopt.md) |
| [AROME (Météo-France)](nodes/model-arome.md) | Météo-France | none in the graph | **yes, with attribution** (Licence Ouverte / Open Licence 2.0 (Etalab)) | [Open-Meteo](nodes/data-open-meteo.md), [Meteociel](nodes/site-meteociel.md), [IPMA open data (api.ipma.pt)](nodes/data-ipma-open.md) |
| [HARMONIE-AROME (AEMET and the ACCORD consortium)](nodes/model-harmonie-arome.md) | AEMET | none in the graph | **yes, if the changed data is not presented as AEMET's** (Reuse allowed with AEMET named as the source (its legal notice)) | [Met Éireann (Ireland)](nodes/site-meteireann.md) |
| [Met Office Unified Model](nodes/model-ukmo-um.md) | Met Office | none in the graph | **yes for OGL material; unclear for DataHub products** (Open Government Licence v3.0 for website material; data products under their own terms) | [Open-Meteo](nodes/data-open-meteo.md), [MeteoPT](nodes/site-meteopt.md), [US National Hurricane Center](nodes/svc-nhc.md) |
| [MEPS (MetCoOp)](nodes/model-meps.md) | MET Norway | [MET Norway weather API (api.met.no)](nodes/data-metno-api.md) | **yes, with attribution** (NLOD 2.0 and CC BY 4.0) | none that say so |
| [GraphCast (Google DeepMind)](nodes/model-graphcast.md) | Google DeepMind | none in the graph | **yes, with attribution** (Code: Apache 2.0. All other materials, the trained weights included: CC BY 4.0) | none that say so |
| [Pangu-Weather (Huawei)](nodes/model-pangu.md) | Huawei Cloud | none in the graph | **yes, non-commercial, shared alike** (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 for the trained parameters) | none that say so |
| [Aurora (Microsoft)](nodes/model-aurora.md) | Microsoft Research | none in the graph | **yes, with the copyright notice kept** (MIT (code: LICENSE.txt; the model card on Hugging Face also reads "License: mit")) | none that say so |
| [FourCastNet (NVIDIA and others)](nodes/model-fourcastnet.md) | not confirmed | none in the graph | **yes, with the copyright notice kept** (BSD 3-Clause) | none that say so |
| [ECMWF ensemble (ENS)](nodes/model-ecmwf-ens.md) | ECMWF | [ECMWF open data](nodes/data-ecmwf-open.md) | unclear: no licence row | none that say so |
| [GEFS (NOAA/NCEP)](nodes/model-gefs.md) | NOAA | [NOAA NOMADS (NCEP model output)](nodes/data-noaa-nomads.md) | unclear: no licence row | none that say so |
| [IBI wave analysis and forecast (Copernicus Marine)](nodes/model-ibi-waves.md) | not confirmed | [Copernicus Marine Service](nodes/data-cmems.md) | **unclear** (Copernicus Marine service licence (free of charge, attribution)) | none that say so |
## Sites that do not say where their picture comes from
On the address we read, searched for the names of the models and the bodies that run them. Never guessed: the edge stays empty until the site says.
| Site | Address read | Read (UTC) | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Windfinder](nodes/site-windfinder.md) | [windfinder.com](https://www.windfinder.com/apps/) | 11:29 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: It describes its "Superforecast" as based on improved physical and topographical models, without naming them. |
| [BBC Weather](nodes/site-bbc-weather.md) | [bbc.com](https://www.bbc.com/weather/2267057) | 11:29 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: The page names its forecast partner (see "supplies") and not a model. |
| [The Weather Channel (weather.com)](nodes/site-weathercom.md) | [weather.com](https://weather.com/weather/today/l/38.72,-9.14) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read |
| [Foreca](nodes/site-foreca.md) | [foreca.com](https://www.foreca.com/102267057/Lisbon-Portugal) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read |
| [Weather & Radar](nodes/site-weatherandradar.md) | [weatherandradar.co.uk](https://www.weatherandradar.co.uk/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read |
| [Luso Meteo](nodes/site-lusometeo.md) | [lusometeo.com](https://www.lusometeo.com/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched for the names of models and of forecast providers; a news page naming IPMA in its text is not a statement of where a picture comes from. |
| [SAPO Tempo and SAPO front page](nodes/site-sapo-tempo.md) | [tempo.sapo.pt](https://tempo.sapo.pt/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched for the names of models and of forecast providers; a news page naming IPMA in its text is not a statement of where a picture comes from. |
| [RTP Notícias](nodes/site-rtp.md) | [rtp.pt](https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched for the names of models and of forecast providers; a news page naming IPMA in its text is not a statement of where a picture comes from. |
| [CNN Portugal / TVI: meteorologia](nodes/site-cnnportugal.md) | [cnnportugal.iol.pt](https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/meteorologia) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched for the names of models and of forecast providers; a news page naming IPMA in its text is not a statement of where a picture comes from. |
| [Público: meteorologia](nodes/site-publico.md) | [publico.pt](https://www.publico.pt/meteorologia) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched for the names of models and of forecast providers; a news page naming IPMA in its text is not a statement of where a picture comes from. |
| [Renascença: "Monitorização Depressão Charles"](nodes/site-sc-rr-dashboard.md) | [rr.pt](https://rr.pt/tempestade-charles-avisos-e-ocorrencias) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not read: Searched for the names of models and of forecast providers; a news page naming IPMA in its text is not a statement of where a picture comes from. |
| [Severe Weather Europe](nodes/site-severeweathereu.md) | [severe-weather.eu](https://www.severe-weather.eu/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched for the names of models and of forecast providers; a news page naming IPMA in its text is not a statement of where a picture comes from. |
| [ESTOFEX](nodes/site-estofex.md) | [estofex.org](https://www.estofex.org/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched for the names of models and of forecast providers; a news page naming IPMA in its text is not a statement of where a picture comes from. |
| [Zoom Earth](nodes/site-zoomearth.md) | [zoom.earth](https://zoom.earth/) | not requested | not read: Its terms restrict automated access (incident.weatherwatch@'s reading, research/weather-sites/addresses.json): we do not request it. A person may read its About page. |
| [tempo.pt (Meteored)](nodes/site-tempopt.md) | [tempo.pt](https://www.tempo.pt/) | not requested | not read: Its terms restrict automated access (incident.weatherwatch@'s reading): we do not request it. |
| [AccuWeather](nodes/site-accuweather.md) | [accuweather.com](https://www.accuweather.com/) | not requested | not read: The site refused our reader (incident.weatherwatch@: not opened). |
| [SIC Notícias: meteorologia](nodes/site-sic.md) | [sicnoticias.pt](https://sicnoticias.pt/meteorologia) | not requested | not read: Not opened by incident.weatherwatch@; not requested again here. |
| [meteoblue](nodes/site-meteoblue.md) | [meteoblue.com](https://www.meteoblue.com/) | not requested | not read: Its page on model domains moved; a current page naming its models is still to be found. Not guessed. |
| [Met Office (UK)](nodes/site-metoffice.md) | [metoffice.gov.uk](https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [US National Weather Service](nodes/site-nws.md) | [weather.gov](https://www.weather.gov/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [US National Hurricane Center](nodes/site-nhc.md) | [nhc.noaa.gov](https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [Deutscher Wetterdienst (Germany)](nodes/site-dwd.md) | [dwd.de](https://www.dwd.de/EN/Home/home_node.html) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [Météo-France: Vigilance](nodes/site-meteofrance-vigilance.md) | [vigilance.meteofrance.fr](https://vigilance.meteofrance.fr/fr) | 11:28 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [AEMET (Spain)](nodes/site-aemet.md) | [aemet.es](https://www.aemet.es/en/portada) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [KNMI (Netherlands)](nodes/site-knmi.md) | [knmi.nl](https://www.knmi.nl/home) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [SMHI (Sweden)](nodes/site-smhi.md) | [smhi.se](https://www.smhi.se/en/weather) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [Finnish Meteorological Institute](nodes/site-fmi.md) | [en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi](https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [Japan Meteorological Agency](nodes/site-jma.md) | [jma.go.jp](https://www.jma.go.jp/bosai/map.html#lang=en) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [Bureau of Meteorology (Australia)](nodes/site-bom.md) | [bom.gov.au](https://www.bom.gov.au/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [Environment and Climate Change Canada](nodes/site-eccc.md) | [weather.gc.ca](https://weather.gc.ca/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [MeteoSwiss](nodes/site-meteoswiss.md) | [meteoswiss.admin.ch](https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [MeteoAlarm](nodes/site-meteoalarm.md) | [meteoalarm.org](https://www.meteoalarm.org/en/live/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [WMO Severe Weather Information Centre](nodes/site-wmo-swic.md) | [severeweather.wmo.int](https://severeweather.wmo.int/) | 11:28 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [Copernicus Emergency Management Service](nodes/site-copernicus-ems.md) | [emergency.copernicus.eu](https://emergency.copernicus.eu/) | 11:29 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [European Severe Weather Database](nodes/site-eswd.md) | [eswd.eu](https://eswd.eu/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [FU Berlin: Aktion Wetterpate](nodes/site-fuberlin.md) | [met.fu-berlin.de](https://www.met.fu-berlin.de/adopt-a-vortex/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [Kachelmannwetter / meteologix / weather.us](nodes/site-kachelmann.md) | [kachelmannwetter.com](https://kachelmannwetter.com/) | not requested | not read: Not opened by incident.weatherwatch@ (refused or blocked); not requested again here. |
| [WXCharts](nodes/site-wxcharts.md) | [wxcharts.com](https://wxcharts.com/) | not requested | not read: Not opened by incident.weatherwatch@ (refused or blocked); not requested again here. |
| [Netweather](nodes/site-netweather.md) | [netweather.tv](https://www.netweather.tv/) | not requested | not read: Not opened by incident.weatherwatch@ (refused or blocked); not requested again here. |
| [Pivotal Weather](nodes/site-pivotal.md) | [pivotalweather.com](https://www.pivotalweather.com/) | not requested | not read: Not opened by incident.weatherwatch@ (refused or blocked); not requested again here. |
| [IPMA: communiqués](nodes/site-ipma-comunicados.md) | [ipma.pt](https://www.ipma.pt/pt/otempo/comunicados/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched for model names other than the ECMWF link in IPMA's page footer. |
| [ANEPC: notices to the population](nodes/site-prociv.md) | [prociv.gov.pt](https://prociv.gov.pt/pt/avisos-a-populacao/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [Fogos.pt / VOST Portugal](nodes/site-fogos.md) | [fogos.pt](https://fogos.pt/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [Instituto Hidrográfico](nodes/site-hidrografico.md) | [hidrografico.pt](https://www.hidrografico.pt/) | 11:28 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [Autoridade Marítima Nacional](nodes/site-amn.md) | [amn.pt](https://www.amn.pt/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [Expresso](nodes/site-expresso.md) | [expresso.pt](https://expresso.pt/) | not requested | not read: Not opened by incident.weatherwatch@ (refused or blocked); not requested again here. |
| [JN, DN, Correio da Manhã, Negócios, ECO, TSF, Renascença, Lusa, Notícias ao Minuto, SAPO](nodes/site-press-others.md) | [jn.pt](https://www.jn.pt/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [Regional station networks: MeteoEstrela, MeteoAlentejo](nodes/site-meteo-regional.md) | [meteoestrela.pt](https://www.meteoestrela.pt/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [Not opened: Meteo Trás-os-Montes, BestWeather, Troposfera, Meteomoita](nodes/site-meteo-not-opened.md) | [meteotrasosmontes.pt](https://meteotrasosmontes.pt/) | not requested | not read: Not opened by incident.weatherwatch@ (refused or blocked); not requested again here. |
| [The Portugal News (English)](nodes/site-english-press.md) | [theportugalnews.com](https://www.theportugalnews.com/) | not requested | not read: Its terms restrict automated access (incident.weatherwatch@): not requested. |
| [Beachcam (MEO)](nodes/site-beachcam.md) | [beachcam.meo.pt](https://beachcam.meo.pt/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [Airport and air navigation: ANA, NAV Portugal](nodes/site-pt-transport-weather.md) | [ana.pt](https://www.ana.pt/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [dados.gov.pt](nodes/site-dados-gov.md) | [dados.gov.pt](https://dados.gov.pt/pt/datasets/?q=ipma) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [Not opened: SNIRH (rivers), E-REDES network status, Lisboa Aberta, Surfline](nodes/site-pt-blocked.md) | [snirh.apambiente.pt](https://snirh.apambiente.pt/) | not requested | not read: Not opened by incident.weatherwatch@ (refused or blocked); not requested again here. |
| [IPMA: communiqué no. 2 and the warnings](nodes/site-sc-ipma.md) | [ipma.pt](https://www.ipma.pt/pt/otempo/comunicados/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched for model names other than the ECMWF link in IPMA's page footer. |
| [ANEPC: notice 21 and preventive measures](nodes/site-sc-prociv.md) | [prociv.gov.pt](https://prociv.gov.pt/pt/avisos-a-populacao/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [MeteoAlarm: Portugal feed](nodes/site-sc-meteoalarm.md) | [feeds.meteoalarm.org](https://feeds.meteoalarm.org/feeds/meteoalarm-legacy-atom-portugal) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [AEMET: season table of named storms](nodes/site-sc-aemet.md) | [aemet.es](https://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/borrascas/2026-2027) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [RTP: live blog "Depressão Charles junta-se a Bruna. A evolução do mau tempo em Portugal"](nodes/site-sc-rtp-live.md) | [rtp.pt](https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/depressao-charles-esperado-agravamento-significativo-das-condicoes-meteorologicas_e1778024) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [Público: "Ao Minuto" on Charles](nodes/site-sc-publico-live.md) | [publico.pt](https://www.publico.pt/2026/11/10/sociedade/noticia/carros-submersos-estradas-alagadas-lisboa-escolas-servicos-publicos-fecham-quarta-2194405) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [Público: "O que precisa de saber sobre a depressão Charles"](nodes/site-sc-publico-explainer.md) | [publico.pt](https://www.publico.pt/2026/11/10/sociedade/noticia/mau-tempo-governo-pede-apenas-deslocacoes-necessarias-periodos-chuva-intensa-2194385) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [Notícias ao Minuto: "AO MINUTO"](nodes/site-sc-nam-live.md) | [noticiasaominuto.com](https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/pais/3081421/ao-minuto-so-saia-de-casa-se-for-necessario-madeira-a-vermelho) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [Renascença: "Depressão Charles ao minuto" and topic page](nodes/site-sc-rr-live.md) | [rr.pt](https://rr.pt/depressao-charles/tag/12540/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [ECO: topic "Depressão Charles"](nodes/site-sc-eco.md) | [eco.sapo.pt](https://eco.sapo.pt/topico/depressao-charles/) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [Jornal de Notícias: "Tudo o que precisa de saber" and "o que fecha"](nodes/site-sc-jn.md) | [jn.pt](https://www.jn.pt/nacional/artigo/tudo-o-que-precisa-de-saber-sobre-a-tempestade-charles/18146628) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [TSF: path "incerto", critical period Wednesday afternoon; transport](nodes/site-sc-tsf.md) | [tsf.pt](https://www.tsf.pt/sociedade/artigo/depressao-charles-mantem-trajeto-incerto-e-devera-atingir-o-periodo-mais-critico-na-tarde-de-quarta-feira/18146855) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [CNN Portugal / TVI: video coverage and "Por onde vai entrar a tempestade Charles"](nodes/site-sc-cnn.md) | [cnnportugal.iol.pt](https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/meteorologia) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [Correio da Manhã / CMTV: "Veja o percurso da tempestade Charles"](nodes/site-sc-cm.md) | [cmjornal.pt](https://www.cmjornal.pt/cmtv/videos/detalhe/veja-o-percurso-da-tempestade-charles-e-por-onde-deve-entrar-em-portugal) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [tempo.pt (Meteored): seven forecast pieces](nodes/site-sc-tempopt.md) | [tempo.pt](https://www.tempo.pt/noticias/previsao/) | not requested | not read: Its terms restrict automated access (incident.weatherwatch@): not requested. |
| [Wikipedia (pt): "Depressão Charles"](nodes/site-sc-wikipedia-pt.md) | [pt.wikipedia.org](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depress%C3%A3o_Charles) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [Wikipedia (en): "2026–27 European windstorm season", section Storm Charles](nodes/site-sc-wikipedia-en.md) | [en.wikipedia.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026%E2%80%9327_European_windstorm_season) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched for model names; a publisher named only in a reference is not a statement of a data source. |
| [El País: Bruna and Charles in Spain](nodes/site-sc-elpais.md) | [elpais.com](https://elpais.com/el-tiempo/2026-11-10/las-borrascas-bruna-y-charles-ponen-bajo-aviso-rojo-por-lluvias-a-extremadura-y-castilla-y-leon.html) | 11:30 UTC, 11 Nov | not stated on the page read: Searched the address for the names of forecast models and forecast providers. |
| [The Portugal News: "Weather Alert: Portugal on Red Alert for Storm Charles"](nodes/site-sc-tpn.md) | [theportugalnews.com](https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/2026-11-10/weather-alert-portugal-on-red-alert-for-storm-charles/1114149) | not requested | not read: Its terms restrict automated access (incident.weatherwatch@): not requested. |
| [Open social networks: Mastodon tag #Charles](nodes/site-sc-social.md) | [mastodon.social](https://mastodon.social/tags/charles) | not requested | not read: A public tag on a social network, not a site with a data source of its own: not requested. |
| [Not covering Charles when read: Met Office storm centre, BBC, Severe Weather Europe, Zoom Earth, Copernicus EMS](nodes/site-sc-not-covering.md) | [metoffice.gov.uk](https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/warnings-and-advice/uk-storm-centre/index) | not requested | not read: Recorded by incident.weatherwatch@ as a service that is not covering the storm: nothing to trace. |